Photo credit © Australian Government
When we wrote our book on Pacific strategy, a key element in considering how the key challenges facing the United States and its allies was how Japanese relationships with the US and the Pacific allies might evolve.
The entire second section of our book deals with Japan, and after a history of the relationship, which was largely, the work of Dr. Richard Weitz, we focused on where Japanese defense policy might evolve in the coming years. We argued that with the emergence of the “dynamic defense” approach Japan would reach out to shape new capabilities to provide for perimeter defense and to plus up its working relationships with allies in the region.
We argued that :
The Chinese seem bent on driving the two greatest maritime powers of the 20th century together into a closer alliance.
And at the heart of this alliance are key joint investments and procurement working relationships.
Japan is a key technological partner for the United States throughout. They are a founding member of the Aegis global enterprise.
They are an investor and operational partner in the SM-3 missile capability to enhance missile defense.
They are a major player in the F-35 program, which will allow the shaping of an attack-and-defense enterprise.
They are building a final assembly facility for the F-35, which will become a key element in the F-35 global procurement system, subject to Japanese
government policy decisions.And they are keenly interested in seeing how the Osprey can shape greater reach and range for the “dynamic defense” of Japan.
Laird, Robbin F.; Timperlake, Edward (2013-10-28). Rebuilding American Military Power in the Pacific: A 21st-Century Strategy: A 21st-Century Strategy (The Changing Face of War) (Kindle Locations 3968-3969). ABC-CLIO. Kindle Edition.
Hardly had the book been printed than the Japanese government moved forward on its “dynamic defense” policy. Notably, the current Prime Minister has worked to reshape Japanese policy to allow it to become a more significant contributor for its neighbors and to provide a more significant contribution to the US and allied deterrence in depth strategy, which is emerging in this decade of the 21st century.
With the decisions made to re-set Japanese defense policy, the Japanese government will clearly play a greater role in Pacific defense.
And a recent piece in The Japan Times provides the following look at how the “new look” in defense policy might alter Japanese policies.
The Abe administration’s reinterpretation of the war-renouncing Constitution to allow greater use of military force in defending other countries is one of the biggest changes ever to Japan’s postwar security policy.
The administration has given a range of examples as to how the Self-Defense Forces might used when related laws are updated later this year. They include scenarios in which troops might:
Defend U.S. warships.
Troops could protect U.S. warships under attack from a third country near Japanese waters, before an imminent, direct attack on Japan, because cooperation with the U.S. military is considered essential to secure Japan’s own survival.
Intercept ships for inspection.
Troops might forcibly stop vessels for inspection when they are believed to be carrying weapons to a third country that is attacking U.S. warships in the region, when the battle seems likely to spill over to Japan — a step currently considered unconstitutional and prohibited as use of force.
Shoot down a missile fired at the U.S.
The SDF could intercept a ballistic missile that is flying over the Japanese archipelago heading toward Hawaii, the U.S. territory of Guam or the U.S. mainland, and when requested by America to do so.
Protect peacekeepers abroad.
SDF personnel could rescue civilians engaged in U.N.-backed peacekeeping operations that come under attack, using weapons if necessary to defend those civilians.
Minesweeping in the Middle East.
A plan still being contemplated would allow Japanese forces to participate in U.N.-led multinational minesweeping efforts to secure sea lanes in the Middle East, such as in the Strait of Hormuz, arguably crucial lifelines for resource-poor Japan.
We recently interviewed the head of the Military Sealift Command, Admiral Shannon, who highlighted the shortfall of US amphibious assets and the expanded role for support assets to the highly stretched littoral fleet.
He mentioned specifically that allies can play a key role in providing for re-supply and clearly with the shift in Japanese policy, the Japanese with their excellent at sea capabilities and technologies can do so, if they so choose. And the re-set also allows Japan to expand its industrial participation in shaping allied defense capabilities as well. The F-35 is clearly one case, and the first export under the new defense rules will come soon.
According to an AFP story published on July 6, 2014:
Japan is set to approve its first arms export since relaxing a self-imposed ban on the practice, a report said Sunday, as the country seeks to boost its global military and economic stature.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to export a high-performance sensor to the United States, where it will be used in the Patriot Advanced Capability-2 (PAC-2) missile defense system due to be exported to Qatar, the Nikkei business daily said, without providing sources.
Tokyo’s decision — likely to become official later this month — comes after the government in April amended a long-standing ban on arms exports, particularly in cases where the products might be re-exported to countries engaged in conflict.
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s Cabinet eased the rules to allow exports of military products in a move aimed at allowing the country to participate in international weapons-development programs and expand its domestic defense industry.
The government has concluded that the planned transfer of U.S. missile defense technology to Qatar was unlikely to escalate any conflicts, the Nikkei said.
Mitsubishi Heavy produces the PAC-2 sensor for Japan’s Self-Defense Forces under license from U.S. defense giant Raytheon Co., the Nikkei said.
Raytheon, however, is scaling back its production of PAC-2 components to focus on the next-generation PAC-3 missile interceptor system, according to the report.
The sensor is a key component of the infrared seeker set into the tip of the missile to identify and track incoming targets, the report said.
When I went to Australia earlier this year, it is clear that Australia is re-working its defense capabilities as well to play a more significant role in the region.
And the recent visit of the Japanese Prime Minister to Australia has clearly underscored that both countries see their efforts as not parallel but joint.
One key piece of the effort is to share defense technologies, and the two countries have signed an agreement to explore ways to share submarine technologies and in the Australian case, to help shape a way ahead for 21st century submarine technologies.
According to one Australian newspaper:
AUSTRALIA will be the first country to benefit from Japan’s new “non-pacifist” constitution when Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe signs a landmark military technology deal with Tony Abbott in Canberra on Tuesday.
The agreement will allow both nations to jointly develop submarine technologies and is the first step in a possible joint project to build Australia’s next-generation submarine.
The trip featured a major presentation by the Japanese Prime Minister to the Australian Parliament where a frank and open speech clearly won support for an expanded Australian economic and defense relationship.
According to Greg Sheridan, the Foreign Editor of the Australian, Abe hit the mark in his speech.
SHINZO Abe spoke to Australia in a way no Japanese leader has done before.
In surely one of the greatest speeches delivered in our parliament, Abe unveiled a new Japan — forthright, friendly, deeply aligned with Australia, now, as Tony Abbott says, a “normal nation”.
For the past 70 years we have got used to the postwar Japan, unlike any Japan that went before, economically tough but in every other way meek and mild.
Now, says Abe in effect, meet the new Japan, the post, postwar Japan.
Abe pitched the relationship at the highest possible level.
He wants his visit to Australia to be the first day of a new “special relationship”.
He wants a Japan-Australia partnership that sees no limits.
Abe made the boldest historic claim for his visit and the free trade agreement he signed with Abbott by saying it was the equivalent of the 1957 trade treaty between Robert Menzies and Abe’s grandfather.
That treaty was pivotal in the emergence of a new and successful Japan after the tragedy, the destruction and the shame of World War II.
Abe is a transformative leader for Japan. He is reviving its economy, or making a mighty effort to do so, and now he is reorienting its national security disposition.
It is absurd to suggest this is a rebirth of Japanese militarism. Instead, as Abbott argues, Japan is moving to a position where it can help its allies as well as receive help from them.
The style of Abe’s speech was as bold and breathtaking as its content. It is only the third major speech he has delivered in English, and it was pitch perfect, significantly ahead of similar efforts from Chinese or even American leaders.
Taking a leaf from the speech-making playbook of Ronald Reagan, Abe left not a dry eye in the house as he singled out in the gallery an Australian firefighter who had bonded profoundly with Japanese colleagues in natural disaster relief.
His riff on Dawn Fraser, also in the audience, hoping that she would come to Japan and bring “a new dawn” was brilliant, playing into Australia’s love of sport and illustrating the big picture through a single human being.
A speech like this doesn’t come about by accident. The Japanese put enormous effort into this.
And as another Australian journalist put it:
Clearly, Australia can benefit from closer defense-technology cooperation with Japan, which Abe’s relaxation of arms exports facilitates.
The UK realized this and signed a defense cooperation agreement with no existential angst about moving closer to war with China.
Likewise, Abe’s more forthright advocacy of adherence to international law when dealing with territorial disputes and Japan’s enhanced support for maritime surveillance capacity-building in Southeast Asia are very much in line with long-standing Australian policy goals that were developed without primary consideration of China.
Friendships, special relationships and skillful diplomacy are built upon the recognition of convergence of interests and beliefs.
This is different to a commonality of interests and beliefs, and such a convergence does not have to imply required future action.
I would hazard that the burgeoning of the China-Australia relationship, despite the huge differences between the two states, is testament to this distinction.
Clearly, there is significant change afoot in Asia; and it is not all about the rise of China and PRC dominance.
The Abe Speech:
July 8, 2014
His Excellency Mr SHINZO ABE (Prime Minister of Japan) (11:12): The Hon. Tony Abbott MP, Prime Minister of Australia; the Hon. Bronwyn Bishop MP, Speaker of the House of Representatives; Senator the Hon. Stephen Parry, President of the Senate; the Hon. Bill Shorten MP, Leader of the Opposition; members and senators; distinguished guests: I would like to respectfully acknowledge the traditional owners of the land on which this event is taking place and their elders, past and present.
Ladies and gentlemen, when we Japanese started out again after the Second World War, we thought long and hard over what had happened in the past and came to make a vow for peace with our whole hearts. We Japanese have followed that path until the present day. We will never let the horrors of the past century’s history repeat themselves. This vow that Japan made after the war is still fully alive today. It will never change going forward. There is no question at all about this point. I stand here in the Australian legislative chamber to state this vow to you solemnly and proudly.
Our fathers and grandfathers lived in a time that saw Kokoda and Sandakan. How many young Australians, with bright futures to come, lost their lives? For those who made it through the war, how much trauma did they feel years and years later from these painful memories? I can find absolutely no words to say; I can only stay humble against the evils and horrors of history. May I most humbly speak for Japan and on behalf of the Japanese people here in sending my most sincere condolences towards the many souls who lost their lives.
There is a story from 1968 that pulls at my heartstrings even now. Australia invited a Japanese woman to come here. Her name is Matsue Matsou and she was 83 years old. She accepted Australia’s invitation and, in memory of her son, poured Japanese sake into Sydney bay. Her son was on a small submarine that had sunk in Sydney bay during an attack on Australia. The people of Australia kept his valour in memory for so many years and brought over the brave soldier’s mother from Japan. This is so beautifully open minded.
‘Hostility to Japan must go. It is better to hope than always to remember.’ These are the words of Prime Minister RG Menzies, when he restarted Australia-Japan ties after the war. Again, speaking both for Japan and the Japanese people, I wish to state my great and whole-hearted gratitude for the spirit of tolerance and for the friendship that Australia has shown to Japan. When in Japan, we will never forget your open-minded spirit nor the past history between us.
Prime Minister Menzies was the first to welcome a Japanese prime minister to Australia after the war. That was 57 years ago. We signed a commerce treaty between us, and that propelled us on the road to prosperity, which we still enjoy today. It was my grandfather Nobusuke Kishi who signed it. This was the start of Australian coal, iron ore and natural gas coming into Japan. The second coming of Japan’s industry after the war first became possible through the help of Australia, our indispensable partner.
Just as Prime Minister Menzies and my grandfather did, Prime Minister Tony Abbott and I hope to make a truly new basis for our relations. This afternoon Prime Minister Abbott and I will sign the Japan-Australia Economic Partnership Agreement.
Seven years ago, when our task on this EPA began, many asked if we would ever see this day. I think even many members of this honourable body felt the same way. Let us congratulate each other for the many efforts that brought us here today. The next step for us will be the TPP, after that RCEP and then the FTA.
Let us walk forward together, Australia and Japan, with no limits. Yes, we can do it. After all, when Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and Japan’s Prime Minister Masayoshi said that the creation of a Pacific community was a significant long-term objective, we built the cornerstone for APEC. That was no less than 34 years ago. Visions always come from a longitude of 135 degrees east, do they not? Of course, we are the ones who benefit by making markets that are broad, open and free.
Ladies and gentlemen, opening up Japan’s economy and society is one of the major engines for my growth strategy. I am now working to reform systems and norms that have not changed in many decades. Japan will grow by increasing its productivity while keeping good fiscal discipline. To do that, I will become like a drill bit myself, breaking through the vested interests and the norms that have deep roots. Reforms are now starting in the fields of agriculture, energy policy and medicine. For the first time in decades we have also started to reform old norms in our labour relations. Since the beginning, I have stressed that I want to make Japan a place where women shine. I have also said, time and again, that for non-Japanese with a can-do spirit and ability Japan and Japanese society must be a beacon of hope.
This EPA with Australia will be a great catalyst to spark further changes as we open up Japan’s economy. It will also give us a great push forward as we work towards the TPP. Japan and Australia have deepened our economic ties. We will now join up in a scrum, just like in rugby, to nurture our regional and the world order and to safeguard peace.
Today, I stand in front of you who represent the people of Australia and state solemnly that now Japan and Australia will finally use our relationship of trust, which has stood up through the trials of history, in our cooperation in the area of security. Australia and Japan have now freed ourselves from one old layer and are now moving towards a new special relationship. Prime Minister Abbott and I confirmed that already on 7 April in Tokyo. Today, Prime Minister Abbott and I will sign an agreement concerning the transfer of defence equipment and technology that will make the first cut in engraving the special relationship in our future history.
That is not all. As far as national security goes, Japan has been safe for a long time. Now, Japan has built a determination as a nation that longs for permanent peace in the world and as a country whose economy is among the biggest. Japan is now determined to do more to enhance peace in the region and peace in the world. Ladies and gentlemen, it is to put that determination into concrete action that Japan has chosen to strengthen its ties with Australia. Yes, our countries both love peace.
We value freedom and democracy, and we hold human rights and the rule of law dear. Today is a day that we bring life to our new special relationship. To mark its birthday today, I should have brought a huge cake to share with every one of you!
There are many things Japan and Australia can do together by each of us joining hands with the United States, an ally for both our nations. Japan is now working to change its legal basis for security so that we can act jointly with other countries in as many ways as possible. We want to make Japan a country that will work to build an international order that upholds the rule of law. Our desire is to make Japan a country that is all the more willing to contribute to peace in the region and beyond. It is for this reason that Japan has raised the banner of active contribution to peace. Whatever we decide to do, I will tell you that Japan will continue to work together with our neighbour at the longitude of 135 degrees east. This is why we have made this special relationship.
Let us join together all the more in order to make the vast seas from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, and those skies, open and free. In everything we say and do, we must follow the law and never fall back onto force or coercion. When there are disputes, we must always use peaceful means to find solutions. These are natural rules. I believe strongly that when Japan and Australia, sharing common values, join hands, these natural rules will become the norm for the seas of prosperity, that stretch from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian. Today is the day our special relationship is born.
It is fitting that I conclude my speech with words of gratitude to our dear friends, and with an appeal to our young people. I ask the members of this esteemed body to please look to the gallery, where you will see Mr Robert McNeil of Fire and Rescue New South Wales. Mr McNeil, to you I give my deep appreciation. Minamisanriku, in Japan’s Miyagi prefecture, was one of the towns that suffered the very worst damage from the tsunami that hit our Tohoku region on 11 March 2011. Mr McNeil, leading a team of 76 people and two dogs, immediately came to Minamisanriku. There he worked together with firefighters from Japan. Mr McNeil said:
When the Japanese firefighters were grieving, we were able to share their grief. There were no walls of communication between us. We will keep his words in our hearts warmly forever.
Then Prime Minister Julia Gillard stood motionless with her upper lip tight upon seeing the terrible sight of Minamisanriku. I would like to express once more my sincere thanks for the leadership that Prime Minister Gillard showed. Furthermore, this is an excellent example indeed showing that Australia-Japan relations go beyond the fences between political parties.
Andrew Southcott, Michael Danby, Gary Gray and, of course, Andrew Robb are some of many who have advanced exchanges with Japanese Diet members, which will become more and more important. There are many more who have been active in this way, so forgive me for naming only these very few. I wish to thank all those who have made an effort to connect with your fellow law-makers in Japan. I very much hope you will continue those efforts.
Japan and Australia also have ties made through the Japan Exchange and Teaching, JET, program. The New Colombo Plan will certainly give rise to the leaders of the future. Tokyo will become a place where these young Australians come across new chapters in their personal stories. Japan will become a country that will take these young people, visiting from Australia, as important members of society. Japan and Australia will each work to make our youth exchanges stronger, bigger and better. This is an era that has now begun. I ask all honourable members of this body to take back to your home districts the message that Prime Minister Abe said—that young people should head to Japan! I will do the same for you. I will tell the youth of Japan that they should head to Australia.
In 2020 Tokyo will once again host the Olympic and Paralympic Games. As for me, I watched the 1964 Olympics and I was one of the many who were dazzled by the power of Ms Dawn Fraser, who is in the gallery today. Ms Fraser, to me you are Australia! Thank you very much for coming here today.
What spirited athletes will you send to Tokyo in six years? We all look forward to seeing that. Ms Fraser, in 2020 I hope we will see you in good shape in Tokyo once more. I hope very much that you bring forth a new dawn to Japan and a new dawn to the future of Australia-Japan relations. Thank you very much.
The SPEAKER : Mr Prime Minister, on behalf of the House, I thank you for your address and I wish you and Mrs Abe a successful and enjoyable stay in Australia.
Honourable member and senators: Hear, hear!
Members and senators rising and applauding, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and Mrs Abe left the chamber.
http://australianpolitics.com/2014/07/08/shinzo-abe-addresses-australian-parliament.html
Recent articles on Japan and Australia and defense issues :
http://news.usni.org/2014/07/07/japan-australia-cooperate-new-submarine-design
http://online.wsj.com/articles/australia-seeks-access-to-japanese-submarine-technology-1402474428
